Reference:INT Nuremberg Code 1947 Code

Document information
Reference	INT Nuremberg Code 1947
Validity area	INT
Scope(s)	G
Document name	Nuremberg Code
Version / Revision	1947
Status	N.A.
Document type	Jurisprudence
Language(s)	EN
Description	Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuremberg, October 1946-April, 1949: Case 1: U.S. v. Brandt (cont.) Case 2. U.S. v. Milch (Milch case) Page 181 - 182
Official source	Official link
Restricted access	No
Submitted by	Florian Adragna
Contributors

Reference Details
Module	Module 1 — Unit 1.1.3
Scope	G
Document part	Code
Language	EN
Original entry by	Florian Adragna
Contributors
Tags	Ethics, Informed consent, History, Ethical principles

Content

1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.[…]

2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.

3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.

4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.

5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur […]

6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.

7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury disability or death.

8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. […]

9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end […]

10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgement required by him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.

-- “Permissible Medical Experiments.” Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. Nuremberg October 1946 – April 1949, Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office (n.d.), vol. 2., pp. 181-182.